Applicable to insureds that, as a distinct enterprise, specialize in research or analytical problems. Must be conducted as a separate and distinct business and not in support of an entity's principal business. Specific examples of operations not included in code 4511 are pharmaceutical research, development and testing operations that are performed by insureds that also manufacture pharmaceuticals. Applicable to various types of research, development or testing laboratories in the areas of medicine, pharmacology, toxicology, microbiology, geophysical research and metallurgy as well as other scientific fields. Representative operations include soil testing laboratories, building material testing laboratories, petroleum testing laboratories, analyzers of sand or gravel for precious stones, radiography testing laboratories. Refer to code 8601 if these risks also perform activities encompassed by the scope of 8601.